Maniola
| Number: | 17035.0 | |
|---|---|---|
| Author: | Schrank | |
| Bhl Page: | http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110547#page/166/mode/2up | |
| Family: | Nymphalidae | |
| Genus: | Maniola | |
| Journal: | Fauna boica | |
| Year: | 1801 | |
| Homonym Count: | 2.0 | |
| Page: | 152, 170 | |
| Part: | (1) | |
| Ref Id: | 5188.0 | |
| Status: | Available name | |
| Subfamily: | Satyrinae | |
| Superfamily: | Papilionoidea | |
| Tribe: | Satyrini | |
| Volume: | 2 | |
| Type Country: | See BHL scanned Type-species page | |
| Type Des Ref Id: | 5223.0 | |
| Type Des: | by subsequent designation by | |
| Type Des Author: | Scudder | |
| Type Des Year: | 1875 | |
| Type Des Journal: | Proc. amer. acad. Arts Sci., Boston | |
| Type Des Title: | Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston | |
| Type Des Volume: | 10 | |
| Type Des Part: | (2) | |
| Type Des Page: | 211 | |
| Type Des Bhl Page: | http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22173#page/218/mode/2up | |
| Type Sp Author: | Linnaeus | |
| Type Sp Bhl Page: | http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/496/mode/2up | |
| Type Sp Journal: | Systema Naturae | |
| Type Sp Page: | 475 | |
| Type Sp Series: | (Edn 10) | |
| Type Sp Volume: | 1 | |
| Type Sp Year: | 1758 | |
| Type Sp Ref Id: | 3527.0 | |
| Type Sp Genus: | Papilio | |
| Type Sp: | jurtina | |
| Memo Links: | ['http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/gbn/Lamas_Genera_04ii08.xls', 'http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127039', 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae', 'http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search?searchTerm=MANIOLA'] | |
| Memo: | Hemming (1967) stated:- A taxon [Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758] bearing a name which through the lectotype-selection made by Hemming (1956, Bull. zool. Nom. 12 : 282) is a junior objective synonym of Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758 : Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 475. The history of this rather complicated case is set out below. First, it must be noted that in 1758 Linnaeus established two nominal species, applying respectively - as is now agreed - to the two sexes of the Satyrid species, known to English lepidopterists as the "Meadow Brown". These names were Papilio jurtina (: 475, no. 104), a female obtained in North Africa, and Papilio janira (: 475, no. 106), a male based upon a specimen obtained in Central Europe. Second, it must be noted that the localities for these two taxa were determined in 1913 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 32 : 184-185) by Verity as First Reviser, his conclusions being based partly upon Linnaeus' remarks in the Syst. Nat. and partly upon an examination of surviving specimens in the Linnaean Collection in London. The collective-species here in question is made up of a considerable number of different races, that from North Africa being very distinct, for example, from that of Central Europe. Thus, it is agreed that though the names janira and jurtina are subjective synonyms of one another at the species-name level, they are currently considered on taxonomic grounds to represent different taxa at the sub-species level. Linnaeus himself never admitted that the two names cited above applied to a single species, but that this was the case was recognized by many of his contemporaries and successors. Among the latter was Schrank who united Papilio janira and Papilio jurtina to form a single species, to which, rejecting both these Linnaean names, he applied the new name Papilio lemur. The name lemur Schrank has been rejected by all later authors who have agreed however that at the species-name level the names Papilio janira and Papilio jurtina of Linnaeus represent the same taxon. In order to provide the nominal species Maniola lemur with a determinate content and thus to determine whether it was an objective synonym of Papilio janira and of Papilio jurtina, I selected the specimen (a female) on which Linnaeus based his description of Papilio jurtina to be the lectotype of the nominal species Maniola lemon Schrank. The effect of this action was (i) to make the specific name lemon Schrank a junior objective synonym of the name jurtina Linnaeus and (ii), in view of Scudder's action in 1875 in selecting Maniola we hut Schrank to be the type-species of the genus Maniola Schrank, to make the objectively identical and older nominal species Papilio jurtina the type-species of that genus. The present species was known continuously by the specific name janira Linnaeus until after he turn of the XIXth century. In 1861 however Staudinger (in Staudinger & Wocke, Cat. Lép. Europe (1) : 13), while retaining the name janira Linnaeus, advanced also the superior claim of the specific name jurtina Linnaeus, which he described as a "nomen antrius, recipiendum". Staudinger took the same attitude in his Catalog (: 31) published in 1871. Four years later Kirby (1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 77) deliberately adopted the name jurtina Linnaeus, sinking janira Linnaeus as a junior synonym. At this time - and, indeed, for many years after - zoologists had no International Code by which to guide themselves and began to show an increasing tendency to follow the Principle of Page and Line Precedence in cases of this kind. Partly no doubt for this reason but partly also because of the great prestige quickly gained by Kirby's Syn. Cat., the use of the specific name jurtina in preference to the name janira rapidly gained ground and ultimately became virtually universal. This practice remained unaffected by the publication in 1905 of the International Code which provided, though rather obscurely (Article Z8) that cases of this kind should be regulated by the First Reviser Principle. That this should have happened in this case is no doubt principally attributable to the, by this time, strong attachment of lepidopterists to the Principle of Page and Line Precedence, and a consequent disinclination to examine what would be the effect of applying the First Reviser Principle to the names here in question. As a consequence of the definitive re-affirmation of the First Reviser Principle as against that of Page and Line Precedence by the Copenhagen Congress in 1953 - a decision now embodied with great clarity in Article 24 (a) - it became necessary to re-examine the present case. This survey showed, as was expected, that the earliest First Reviser choice in favour of the specific name jurtina Linnaeus over the name janira Linnaeus was that by Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 77), to which reference has already been made. It was found also however that there was a much earlier First Reviser choice in the opposite sense. This was the selection by Fabricius in 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 44) of Papilio janira Linnaeus to take precedence over the name Papilio justina Linnaeus, the name janira being adopted for the species allotted the number 433, the name jurtina Linnaeus being cited as a synonym. The abandonment of the deeply entrenched specific name jurtina in favour of the long-abandoned name janira would have caused great inconvenience through the disturbance in current practice and would have served no useful purposes. It was accordingly decided to ask the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to set aside all existing First Reviser choices in the present case and, having done so, to issue directions under those powers that precedence be given to the specific name jurtina Linnaeus over the specific name janira Linnaeus. An application in this sense was accordingly submitted to the Commission by myself in 1956 (Bull. zool Nom. 12 : 279-286). The above and the associated proposals were approved by the Commission which promulgated its decision in its Opinion 506 published in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18 : 177-196). Having granted precedence to the specific name jurtina Linnaeus over the name janira Linnaeus in the manner indicated above, the Commission placed the specific name jurtina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binomen Papilio jurtina, interpreted as specified above, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1492. At the same time the generic name Maniola Schrank, 1801, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1254. Cowan (1970: 51) stated:- MANIOLA - The First Reviser in the matter of Papilio jurtina/P. janira L. was Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 (Ankund. syst. Werk. Schm. Wien. Geg. : 167). They selected P. jurtina. MANIOLA was included within the subfamily NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE by Ackery et al., in Kristensen (1999). The higher classification used here follows Lamas (2008). |
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Additional Information
| Format | unknown |
|---|---|
| License | Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike |
| Dataset | buttmoth |
| Dataset ID | f8bc9b9c-009a-4689-bd01-ed621095c457 |
| Resource | Butterflies and Moths of the World |
| Resource ID | c1727662-2d1e-426f-818c-d144552a747c |